The new advancements in Cloning and the Ethical debate surrounding it

Introduction Cloning is the generation of cells, tissues, organs, organ systems or totally independent organisms from DNA. This article will discuss the latest developments, benefits and ethical and views as regards to cloning.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The new advancements in Cloning and the Ethical debate surrounding it specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Types of cloning There are three types of cloning. Molecular cloning involves use of DNA segments in areas of interest to produce specific products of DNA transcription and this has proven useful in recombinant DNA to produce many therapies like insulin, tissue plasminogen activator and erythropoietin. Cellular cloning involves use of somatic cells to produce a cell line identical to the original cell, and this can be used to produce therapies like those of molecular cloning. Blastomere separation is advanced in that reproductive cells are used to produce independent organisms (Anon, n.d.). Experiments done so far Many advances have been made in cloning so with more animals being cloned. The Rhesus monkey was cloned in 2000 January by embryo splitting and it was known as Tetra. In 2001, an endangered species was cloned called Gaur. Alpha and Beta are the cattle that were cloned in 2001 and 2005 respectively and they were males. The CopyCat was the female cat to be cloned in 2001. In 2004, Little Nicky was the first cat to be cloned for commercial purposes. The first dog to be cloned was Snuppy in 2005. A rat that was first cloned in 2003 and it was named Ralph. Idaho Gem is the name of the first mule to be cloned in 2003. In May 2003, the first horse was cloned named Prometea. The first water buffalo to be cloned was named Ssmrupa in 2009 February but it died after five days because it was infected. The same year, Injaz became the first camel to be cloned(Arnold, 2009). Views on cloning today Attempts to clone human cells fac e many ethical, religious and legal challenges today. Another major challenge is the difficulty in cloning human cells. Never the less, research is going on in various institutions to improve the methods and thus the outcome of cloning since it’s potentially useful in treatment of many medical conditions. The breakthroughs of cloning Treatment of leukemia Normal bone marrow precursors are cloned and placed in the bone marrow cavity of the leukemic patient.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Treatment of eye disorders Patients with cataracts can be potentially cured by cloning the lenses and replacing them with those with cataracts. Treatment in heart attack patients In patients with acute or chronic myocardial infarction, cells can be cloned and then be placed in the ischemic areas. New Vaccines Vaccines can be made by developing cancerous cells which can not repli cate and injecting them to subjects. This can potentially generate memory in the immunity so that on second exposure, these cells are destroyed by the immune system. Another way of using cloning in vaccination is by using DNA recombinant technology where microbial DNA is used to produces toxins, which are detoxified, while retaining their immunogenicity, and introducing them in a subject, who will eliminate the microbes on second exposure. Treatment of Parkinsonism This has been tried in mice where dopamine producing cells are cloned and then injected into mice with Parkinsonism. Behavioral symptoms of the disease improved in the mice because the missing dopamine was produced by these cells. There is hope that this is possible with humans (Randerson, 2008). Life saving strategies Cloning has been supported by many scientists because of these potential benefits. Other major areas of application in cloning are as follows. Organ transplantation Parts of an individual can be cloned to p roduce large tissues which can be transplanted to another part of the same individual. This has an advantage over transplantation from another individual which leads to graft rejection. Infertile individuals, cancer and plastic surgery Cloning processes involve switching on and off of cells, a principle which can be exploited in switching of cancerous cells. Through cloning, a vaccine of cancer may be made as previously noted. Infertile people can father by either using their reproductive cells or cloning their somatic cells and introducing them to a surrogate. Plastic surgery done using cloning has a great benefit as compared to other methods because features of the patient can be retained with no fear of graft rejection.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The new advancements in Cloning and the Ethical debate surrounding it specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other applications Cloning can be used to test f or genetic diseases. Nerves can be grown to enable high quality medication. Cloning can be used to grow nerves which can be replaced in individuals with spinal cord injury. Liver failure and renal failure can be cured by cloning by replacing the diseased cells. Tay Sachs disease can be prevented by eliminating genes carrying the disorder. Breast implants and soft tissue replacement can be done using cloned tissues from the same individual to eliminate changes of host verses graft disease. Skin can be produced for use as skin flaps in patients with severe burns; lung tissue can be cloned as well. Diseases which seemed to have no cure like Alzheimer’s disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Heart failure arthritis and other degenerative diseases can be approached in this manner (Smith, 2002). Criticisms Reasons for opposition to cloning According to ethical and religious groups, the drawbacks on cloning are many. On average, there is only 1-10% viability of all offspring that were cloned f rom embryos. It has been shown that cloned animals have a higher risk of cancer, infections, mental and physical difficulties. The animals that have been cloned have been seen to die unexpectedly, unpredictably and for unknown reasons. Human cloning is specifically opposed because it is believed that a growing human also needs emotional and intellectual development, which can not be provided by cloning. Genetics Fact Sheet 1 indicates that a person is a product of his or her genetic make up and the environment such that a person cloned from another is not a duplicate. Social relations, responsibility and parenthood of the cloned human are difficult to achieve, which pose a challenge to cloning (BarlowSaleh, 2007). Ethical groups There was a worldwide condemnation of attempts to clone a human being in 2003 when Clonaid biotechnology group claimed to have cloned a baby who they named Eve. They were opposed mainly because of the reasons above. There are many policies which have been la id to regulate cloning especially in the utilization of the embryos (BarlowSaleh, 2007). Conclusion My personal view and opinion Cloning has various pros and cons, whereas it can be a life saving process, it may also have many deleterious effects on the human race. Biologists and doctors should not rush into cloning humans. There is need to carry more experiments with care and the results analyzed to perfect the science and eliminate the disadvantages of cloning and then educate the lay world on the benefits of cloning.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Recap Cloning is the generation of body tissues from DNA. This procedure has many potential applications in various sectors of health. In spite of that, it has been opposed by many ethical groups because of the risks involved and others because of myths and traditional beliefs. With care and effort, these properties can be exploited to develop vaccines, treat various diseases, help in surgery, and even stop the aging process. Research experiments should be furthered The only way to eliminate most of the risks associated with cloning is through furthering the experiments in different species and comparing the results. Biologists should come up with effective machines which do not affect the genetic composition in the embryo as this would reduce the disabilities and mutations seen in cloned animals. Through cloning, many vaccines can be developed which would not otherwise be available. More experiments should be done to develop more vaccines to various diseases. More experiments shoul d be done in order to find treatment of endocrine system diseases as has been seen in diabetes mellitus with insulin. Auto grafts do not induce immunogenicity in an individual. More experiments should be done to exploit this fact by cloning cells to form tissues or even organs from the same patient and then surgically introducing them to the area of defect. Cloning experiments should be furthered to discover other benefits of cloning which are not yet known. References Anon.(n.d.). The Science and Application of Cloning. Web. Arnold, P. (2009). What Animals have been Cloned. Web. Barlow, K. Saleh, M. (2007). Cloning and Stem Cells. Web. Randerson, J. (2008). Therapeutic cloning offers hope of treatment of Parkinson’s. Web. Smith, S. (2002). The Benefits of Human Cloning. Web. This research paper on The new advancements in Cloning and the Ethical debate surrounding it was written and submitted by user Alvaro Jacobs to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Single Adoption essays

Single Adoption essays Should Single Individuals be Allowed to Adopt There are some conflicts concerning whether or not single individuals are capable to adopt. This paper discusses why singles have the need to adopt. It also discusses some issues they may encounter when considering adoption. In addition, provided is my personal opinion as to why I believe single parents should be able to adopt. The desire to raise a family and nurture a child is common among both married couples and singles. Single individuals may wish to adopt a child in order to fulfill their need to nurture. They may feel as though their life may be incomplete and therefore consider adopting a child. One single commented I had a stable job and could give a child many benefits. (About.com, 2000) Children are placed in orphan homes due to various reasons. Such reasons may include abuse, abandonment, neglect, homelessness or death. There is an extremely high amount of children who are in need of a stable home. For example, in 1998 there were 42,000 children in the New York City foster care. Of those 42,000, 6,500 children had parental rights terminated and were in pre-adoptive placements. Five hundred of those children had rights completely terminated and were in the need of a home. Approximately 8,000 children were expected to have their parental rights terminated. Therefore, they would become eligible to be put up for adoption. Many single individuals have an awareness that these children have needs and feel that they can provide a better life for them. A teacher commented, Because I continually saw children in my special education classes who live in institutions or went from foster home to foster home, I decided that even as a single parent I could do more for a child. (About.com, 2000) (About.com, 2000) (Feeney, 1998) There are many conflicts that singles face when they decide that they wish to adopt a child. These conflicts a...

Finance simulation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Finance simulation - Research Paper Example Time and resources will be used meritoriously. Tapering the agency staff reduces cost and saves on premiums paid to the workers. Option 2 was originally used to repay the loan. The interest rate of the option is low (9.0%) and will thus allow EHC to have more funds. However, it was not the preeminent alternative since interests accrued and added onto the principal amount, and everything was to be recompensed after 6 months. Later option 1 was realized to be better since it resolved the cash flow problem and its compensation period was not limited. The US machine, X-ray, and CT scanner, all needed to be replaced. The organization decided to purchase a refurbished CT scanner since its productive life is high and can be upgraded upon its expiry. The X-ray machine was purchased through a capital lease since the machines productive life is 15 years that is comparatively high. The US machine was acquired through an operating lease since the option offers low installments payment, upgrading option, and lower upfront payment. Productivity of the assets was perceived to be more important than ownership. The HUD 242 proved to be better than all the other strategies and was, therefore, chosen. It offered a greater NPV. The simulation indicates that despite the higher insurance cost of HUD 242, the uncertainties associated with the investment are minimal and suitable for the project. A cost-benefit analysis further proved that HUD 242 was indeed appropriate. Tax-exempt bonds were incongruous since the funds were to be used within three years while the planned completion period of the expansion was four years. It could have left a big chunk of WIP (work in progress) (Aiken et al., 2002). All choices were potentially fatal. Management relies on the current available information and the knowledge, exposure, and experience of the

Crawford and the Iraq war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Crawford and the Iraq war - Essay Example His books and his words state the trouble and trauma he went through and how it changed his life. He had been deployed at Iraq for 6 months which extended upto an 18 where Crawford witnessed the turmoils of the war. He shares the story at the Warfield and the life of the soldiers at the Warfield. Hinson (2005) says "Recounting his experience Crawford in A soldier's true story says the ancient city turned out to be a hellhole". Living amidst the bombs and the noises, life became horrible and difficult. They transformed like animals, they had no feelings, no proper food or no peace of mind. Crawford witnessed fear, stupidity, resentments and breezy victories of the soldiers. The war damaged his life bit by bit. Being in the war filed, the sound of bombs, the soldiers' voices and the noisy environment gave sleepless nights to Crawford. He then took Valium tablets to sleep in the night and got used to those drugs. He found it impossible to sleep with out those tablets. Crawford visualize d variety of feeling in the war field like anger, nervousness, isolation, liberation and defeat. In spite of him leaving the war field, the images and the scenes from the war field came to his mind again and again. He spent sleepless nights even in his nation. There was always a post war stress that remained in his mind, which did not allow Crawford to lead his routine life. His regular life became complicated for him. He felt that every thing changed. In spite of Crawford coming from a war family, he was totally disturbed by the war effects.

Visual Representation for Meeting Challenges Essay Example for Free

Visual Representation for Meeting Challenges Essay My visual representation is based around the theme ‘meeting challenges’ and how this relates to the movie ‘Shawshank Redemption’. Some of the challenges faced by the characters in this movie were isolation, false imprisonment, loneliness, and rejection. I used black cardboard for my visual representation to show the loneliness and fear the main character, Andy Dufresne, must have endured during his time in Shawshank prison. I also used a gaol cell door to represent the isolation and sadness of his situation. Andy was a very smart man who was sentenced to prison for a crime he did not commit. I used a picture of a young man covering his eyes with his hands to show the hardship Andy faced whilst in prison this was a big challenge for him to overcome. Andy kept to himself for a long time when he started at Shawshank, not knowing anyone or having anyone to talk to. Andy must have felt lonely at night being locked up in a small cell. One of the images I used to represent this loneliness was a man curled up by himself in a dark room. In the movie Andy is a very determined man and he does almost anything to feel like a ‘free man’. For example, Andy took great courage to confront one of the guards, almost getting himself pushed off the edge of a building, in the scene when the prisoners are tarring the roof of the prison. At the end of this scene he is able to feel like a ‘free man’ when he gets to drink a cold beer with the other prisoners as a reward for helping the guards with their tax problems. It is hope and inner strength that keeps Andy going and helps him meet the challenges he faces. To represent this hope and strength I used the image of a white dove and a young boy praying by candlelight. Apart from Andy, another character I related to as facing challenges was ‘Red’, the prisoner who became a good friend of Andy’s, who is rejected more than once for parole. The image I used to represent rejection was a young girl asking a boy on a date and the boy saying no. Until Andy came along, Red had given up hope. Andy helped him find a way to face his challenges again. Another friend of Andy’s within the prison was an old man known as brooks, brooks was granted parole after 50 or so years and fear overwhelmed this man as all his life was spent inside the walls of Shawshank prison. Brooks challenge was becoming a ‘free man’ as all his life he was told what to do. Freedom was too much for brooks and this caused him to commit suicide. brooks met his challenge but didn’t overcome it. The movie Shawshank Redemption shows how people can be facing more challenges than they can handle but one ray of hope or one person, like Andy, can make all the difference. I feel I have shown this in my visual representation by the use of words and images I have chosen to represent the challenges that were faced.

Elements of Magical Realism and Fantasy in The Donkey Prince :: Donkey Prince Essays

Elements of Magical Realism and Fantasy in The Donkey Prince      Ã‚  Ã‚   "The Donkey Prince" is a short story written by Angela Carter in 1970. Carter is an English novelist. Her story is a mixture of fantasy, myth, and magical realism. I do believe that fantastical literature and magical realism are related in a lot of ways. As I read through the magical realism and fantastical novels, I noticed more similarities than differences.    Briefly, the story I read was about a young prince being transformed into a donkey. It was one of the witchcraft stories where the young boy/girl had to retrieve a certain thing to be transformed back into his/her normal self. A role of magical realism was played as well as fantastical literature. "Bring out the apple," said Terror. "I would give my name, my rank, and my reputation, as a warrior to possess even a quarter of your magic"(32). Magical Realism and fantastical literature are brought together by the fantasy of a young boy being transformed and the magic that would make that transformation happen.    The main character in this story is a donkey named Bruno. He played a magical role by being able to be a prince donkey. What was magical about the whole story was the people and creatures look at each other in different ways. As on earth, here in real life, people do not get the real magical idea of life.    This story gives a perfect example of what Faris says about John Updike's statement ,"Magical realism combines realism and the fantastic in such a way that magical elements grow organically out of elements portrayed"(Faris 163). Some of the elements are the donkey prince, Wild Men mountain, birds that sang, and a magic apple. A person could get a realization of magical realism and fantastical literature even by reading a children's story. Doing so takes an imagination in the adult life as well as the childs'. I think if a person does not involve the fantastic and the magical realism, the story is not as good.    The material that I read about fantastical literature stated that fantastic is portrayed as the indistinguishability between the real and the unreal. It has a preoccupation with style and an interest in transforming "the common and everyday into the awesome and the unreal"(Flores 114). This statement, to me, is a good comparison coming from two different views.

Poetry and Strong Human Spirit Essay

Success is the journey not the destination. â€Å"A strong human spirit essential for an imaginative journey. † Imaginative journeys take us from the reality now to unreal existences that can exist in our minds. A strong human spirit is essential for an imaginative journey to flow through our mind. The success is the journey that is being taken not the destination. This can be expressed through the poems â€Å"Frost at Midnight and Kubla Khan,† by Sammuel Taylor Coleridge and â€Å"Still I Rise† by Maya Angelou that see the journey as the success not the outcome and that their strong human spirit allowed them to go on the journey. In the poem â€Å"Still I Rise† by Maya Angelou the poet expresses her journey through being discriminated in America because of her race. Her journey is much more successful then the destination because as she went on the journey and experienced heartfelt times, along the way she taught the discriminators she can still get back up even if they hurt her many times. The poet uses repetition to do this. â€Å"Still I’ll Rise. She also uses similes to convey her connection with nature along this journey as she uses the concept of natural resources and by using oil, gold and diamond to show contradictions that people think she is wealthy but really they are the spoilt ones. â€Å"Cause I walk like I’ve got oil wells pumping in our living room. † She uses rhetorical questions to intensify the poem and to touch the responders. This portrays how she is successful in trying to express what she believes in to others while on the journey. In the poem â€Å"still I’ll rise† the poet has a strong human spirit that is essential for her journey. For her to write this poem as a form of protest it needed a strong human spirit. Her whole poem is based on freedom which is expressed every time she gets hurt and then rises again. Her use of metaphors empathise how strong her spirit is when she gets discriminated but still has hope to keep going. â€Å"Just like hopes springing high† and â€Å"you may shoot me with your words. † Her use of rhetorical questions and repetition allow people to think about it and understand it properly through her words and her strong spirit. â€Å"Does my sassiness upset you?  Why are you beset with gloom? † Her strong human spirit allowed her to achieve the freedom that she wanted. In the poem â€Å"Kubla Khan† by Samuel Taylor Coleridge the poet takes us through his mind on an imaginative journey. His journey had no destination at all but the success was there all along through his connection and love with nature. The poet uses a lot of alliteration to describe this place and assonance to describe how beautiful this image of nature is and how the success of the journey is created through the beauty of nature. Measureless to man† and â€Å"twice five miles of fertile ground. † The use of a simile describes the place as being old but still in good condition ‘Forests as ancient as hills’ and the river as being scary and holy. He does this through the use of an oxymoron as he puts two of these words together and they contradict â€Å"A savage place? As holy and enchanted†. This is the success of the journey as it is still alive but really old. He describes a women’s music with alliteration â€Å"A Damsel with a dulcimer† â€Å"Loud and Long† â€Å"Deep Delight. By including this he has achieved success all through the journey as he celebrates. In the poem â€Å"Kubla khan† by Samuel Taylor Coleridge a strong human spirit was essential for this imaginative journey. His use of assonance and alliteration to describe how beautiful the image of nature is and how the strong human spirit can take us on an imaginative journey. â€Å"Sunless Sea. † By the poet using his imagination he has made this place that feels like paradise with his strong spirit. He needed a strong human spirit to imagine a place that feels like paradise. All through the journey he describes his strong connections with the natural environment and because of his strong human spirit he was able to imagine the nature and environment using metaphors as extraordinary with the river springing up viciously to become a fountain. â€Å"As if this earth in fast thick pants were breathing. † The poem â€Å"Frost at midnight† by Samuel Taylor Coleridge his imaginative journey is the success not the destination. As the poet goes on this journey into his past and then he goes into another dream as well this expresses that imaginative journey is a success because his not reaching no destination. The poet begins with a metaphor which connects with nature and God, â€Å"The frost performs its secret ministry,† so the success of the journey has already started with the nature and God. This concept relates to the journey of the poet back into his childhood as he in the quiet cottage and looks at the film in the blue flame which fluttered on the grate is contrasted with him in the past looking at the bars at school to watch a fluttering stranger. This is the success of the start of his imaginative journey and that there is no destination. He then while sitting at school goes into another dream about his birth place and the church tower where the bell would ring so sweetly expresses the success of his journey when he was younger in the country side he was more connected to nature where in the city the only connection was the â€Å"lovely star and sky†. The poem â€Å"Frost at midnight† by Samuel Taylor Coleridge expresses a strong human spirit that is essential for an imaginative journey. The use of the simile â€Å"inaudible as dreams† which describes the quietness which gives him the strong human spirit to the imaginative journey. He also uses assonance to describe how the solitude or quietness his inmates have left him is disturbing him. â€Å"Have left me to solitude to suit abtruser musings†. The looking at the blue flame gave him the strong human spirit to begin his imaginative journey. The relationship between father and son is also giving the poet the strong human spirit because he doesn’t want his son to grow up like him in the city but to be raised in the country so his is more connected to nature.